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About St.Petersburg
The death of Alexander I and the accession of Nicholay I to the throne were complicated by dramatic political events. On December 14 1825, the day when Nicolay I was taking the oath, the Guards' regiments headed by plotters refused to swear to Nicolay I. Their intentions were to seize the Winter Palace, and Peter and Paul Fortress, to encircle the Senate and make Senators issue the Manifest to the Russians, where they would declare the autocracy toppled, introduction of democracy, abolition of serfdom and summon of the Constituent Assembly. However the insurrection went bust. It was suppressed in the cruelest way. That was the first armed insurrection against the autocracy and serfdom in Russia, later called the Decembrist Rebellion.
During the reign of Nicolay I Russia waged wars with Persia and Turkey in the East. That time could be characterized by the stormy growth of industry that brought about the extensive development of the Capital. St.Petersburg acquired new features typical of capitalism epoch. The city appearance became more complicated, multifaceted, and contradictory. Private housing development was on the up and up filling empty plots of land in the city center with more buildings. During this time the squares near railroad stations were formed, the revamping of port facilities were completed, and a lot of industrial buildings were erected. It was the time when the architect Stakenschneider worked in St.Petersburg. He was the one to create the Mariinsky Palace in the Isaac Square, the Nicolaevsky Palace, etc. The development of Petrogradskaya Storona (the district in St.Petersburg) can be seen as an example of the architects' concept of the city that was supposed to be a single artistic entity.
These trends in the city development were followed during the reign of Emperor Alexander III (1881-1894), which was a short peaceful reprieve for Russia.
The social, economical and political contradictions of Russia development after bourgeois reforms of 1860-1870 opened the way for the growth of capitalism. However Russia could not get entirely rid of feudal/serfdom survivals. Social contradictions that had been accumulating for a long time added to the wars that Russia was waging brought about the Bourgeois-Democratic Revolution of 1905-07 that was accompanies by the series of political strikes. The most severe strikes in Russia took place in St.Petersburg.
During the reign of Nicolay II (1894-1917) Russia waged a number of wars that happened to be extremely hard for the Country. The war with Japan lead to the defeat of Russian fleet at Tsushima Island and to the loss of the Port Arthur (in China). In 1914 the First World War I broke out. Under the influence of anti-German vein St.Petersburg was renamed into Petrograd in 1914. This war (1914-18) appeared to be fatal for the Russia autocracy. The October Coup inspired by the Bolsheviks headed by V. Lenin on November 6-7 1917 lead to the change of the political system in Russia. The Civil War and the mess in economy followed these events. All private properties were nationalized. In twentieth of XX century thousands of workers from industrial outskirts moved to central apartments, breaking the functional structure of the central residential houses. During these years the Bolsheviks sold out to foreign countries a lot of national treasures, sacred objects that belonged to church, that had been created and cherished for many centuries.
In 1917-1923 the Mars Square in St. Petersburg was transformed into a garden laid out to the drawing of I. Fomin. The granite monument to the revolutionaries was erected there to the design of L. Rudnev. V. Lenin died in 1924. The Bolsheviks renamed the city into Leningrad "to immortalize Lenin's name". In thirtieth and fortieth such districts as Avtovo, Moskovsky Avenue, and Malaya Okhta were developed.
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